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Vegetarians die less often of heart disease than fish and meat eaters: U.K. study

Genevra Pittman, Reuters | Feb 1, 2013 12:59 PM ET
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Getty ImagesAfter adjusting for other lifestyle factors, such as quitting smoking and exercise, being a vegetarian was still shown to help lower the risk of heart disease in a recent U.K. study.

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Vegetarians are one-third less likely to be hospitalized or die from heart disease than meat and fish eaters, according to a new U.K. study.

Earlier research has also suggested that non-meat eaters have fewer heart problems, researchers said, but it wasn’t clear if other lifestyle differences, including exercise and smoking habits, might also play into that.

Know your pulses: Lentils, lima beans and their cousins are more nutritious (and tasty) than you think

I’m not very good with legumes. As a dietitian, I should probably pretend that I’m an expert cook with an expansive repertoire of both meat and vegetarian delights, but the truth is I grew up feeling that the family of foods that includes beans, chickpeas and lentils were rather gross. I think it all stems back to some ugly episodes with lima beans as a child — those same ones that come in the bag with frozen corn, peas and carrots, usually served beside an overcooked pork chop — so I was a late starter when it came to the foods that are also known as pulses.

Fortunately, age has made me more willing to take extreme culinary risks and introduce foods I once thought were gross (cottage cheese still hasn’t made the cut), and so it is with great pleasure that I can say I have finally warmed up to those little legumes that can be eaten whole, or hulled and split. (For what it’s worth, whole lentils retain more nutrients).

Now, “we’re able to be slightly more certain that it is something that’s in the vegetarian diet that’s causing vegetarians to have a lower risk of heart disease,” said Francesca Crowe, who led the new study at the University of Oxford.

Still, she noted, the researchers couldn’t prove there were no unmeasured lifestyle differences between vegetarians and meat eaters that could help explain the disparity in heart risks.

Crowe and her colleagues tracked almost 45,000 people living in England and Scotland who initially reported on their diet, lifestyle and general health in the 1990s.

At the start of the study, about one-third of the participants said they ate a vegetarian diet, without meat or fish.

Over the next 11 to 12 years, 1,066 of all study subjects were hospitalized for heart disease, including heart attacks, and 169 died of those causes.

After taking into account participants’ ages, exercise habits and other health measures, the research team found vegetarians were 32% less likely to develop heart disease

After taking into account participants’ ages, exercise habits and other health measures, the research team found vegetarians were 32% less likely to develop heart disease than carnivores. When weight was factored into the equation, the effect dropped slightly to 28%.

The lower heart risk was likely due to lower cholesterol and blood pressure among vegetarians in the study, the researchers reported this week in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

Meat eaters had an average total cholesterol of 222 mg/dL and a systolic blood pressure — the top number in a blood pressure reading — of 134 mm Hg, compared to 203 mg/dL total cholesterol and 131 mm Hg systolic blood pressure among vegetarians.

Diastolic blood pressure — the bottom number — was similar between the two groups.

Crowe said the difference in cholesterol levels between meat eaters and vegetarians was equivalent to about half the benefit someone would see by taking a statin.

The effect is probably at least partly due to the lack of red meat — especially meat high in saturated fat — in vegetarians’ diets, she added. The extra fruits and vegetables and higher fiber in a non-meat diet could also play a role.

You also don’t have to cut out meat altogether — just scaling back on saturated fat can make a difference

“If people want to reduce their risk of heart disease by changing their diet, one way of doing that is to follow a vegetarian diet,” Crowe said.

However, she added, you also don’t have to cut out meat altogether — just scaling back on saturated fat can make a difference, for example. Butter, ice cream, cheeses and meats all typically contain saturated fat.